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<section id="amplitudes-and-magnitudes">
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes"></span><h1>Amplitudes and Magnitudes<a class="headerlink" href="#amplitudes-and-magnitudes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-station"><span class="std std-ref">Magnitudes of specific types</span></a> are computed
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from <a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-amplitudes"><span class="std std-ref">amplitudes</span></a> measured on waveforms.
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Different types of amplitudes and magnitudes are available including aliases.
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All magnitudes can be regionalized and mapped to Mw. The native amplitude and
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magnitudes types are listed in <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scamp.html#scamp"><span class="std std-ref">scamp</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a>.</p>
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<p>All amplitude and magnitude values can be read in the Magnitudes tab of
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a>, in bulletins created by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scbulletin.html#scbulletin"><span class="std std-ref">scbulletin</span></a> and dumped
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from database to XML for an origin or event by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scxmldump.html#scxmldump"><span class="std std-ref">scxmldump</span></a>.</p>
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<p>This concept section describes the principles applied in <cite>SeisComP</cite> and links to
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more specific sections including tutorials describing the configuration and
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application.</p>
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<figure class="align-center" id="id6">
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<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../../_images/amplitude-magnitude-processing.png"><img alt="amplitudes and magnitudes: processing flow" src="../../_images/amplitude-magnitude-processing.png" style="width: 18cm;" /></a>
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<figcaption>
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<p><span class="caption-text">Schematic processing flow for computing magnitudes from measured amplitudes
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including the involved <cite>SeisComP</cite> modules and interfaces. Multiple network
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magnitude types can be computed for the same <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-origin"><span class="xref std std-term">origin</span></a>. The default
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processing of native amplitudes and magnitudes in the center can be extended
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by aliases, regionalization, Mw mapping or external magnitudes.</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this image">¶</a></p>
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</figcaption>
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</figure>
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<section id="amplitudes">
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-amplitudes"></span><h2>Amplitudes<a class="headerlink" href="#amplitudes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Amplitudes can be measured on waveforms</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>Automatically during phase picking by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scautopick.html#scautopick"><span class="std std-ref">scautopick</span></a> with generally fixed
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time windows due to the absence of knowledge about source parameters.</p></li>
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<li><p>Automatically by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scamp.html#scamp"><span class="std std-ref">scamp</span></a> as soon as <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-origin"><span class="xref std std-term">origins</span></a> are
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available. Depending on the amplitude type and their configuration, fixed or
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distance-dependent time windows as well as constraints on signal quality apply.</p></li>
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<li><p>Interactively using <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a> with preset or user-defined conditions.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="../time-grammar.html#time-grammar"><span class="std std-ref">Time grammar</span></a> applies for configuring the time windows.</p>
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<section id="input-data">
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<h3>Input data<a class="headerlink" href="#input-data" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Depending on type amplitudes are measured on raw or filtered waveform data.
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Initial raw data are given in counts of the digitizer with a stream gain unit of
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m/s which is typical for seismometers.
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It is assumed that the measured signal has its dominant
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frequency where the response of the recording instrument is flat.
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For other instruments such as accelerometers or short-period geophones, amplitude
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correction for instrument response and the corresponding frequency range may be
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configured by the global binding parameters
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-amplitudes.enableResponses"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.enableResponses</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-amplitudes.resp.minFreq"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.resp.minFreq</span></code></a>,
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-amplitudes.resp.maxFreq"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.resp.maxFreq</span></code></a> or even with in amplitude-type profiles for
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more specific application. Amplitude measurements will fail if the
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unit of the (corrected) input data do not correspond to the requirement of the
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amplitude type.</p>
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<p>Filtering may involve
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<a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-wa"><span class="std std-ref">simulation of Wood-Anderson seismographs</span></a>.
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Final amplitude measurements are corrected by stream gain and provided as an
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amplitude object.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="wood-anderson-simulation">
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-wa"></span><h3>Wood-Anderson simulation<a class="headerlink" href="#wood-anderson-simulation" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Some amplitude types require or allow the correction of waveforms by simulation
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of instruments such as <a class="reference internal" href="../filter-grammar.html#WA" title="WA"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Wood-Anderson</span> <span class="pre">torsion</span> <span class="pre">seismometers</span></code></a>
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(<span id="id1">Richter [<a class="reference internal" href="../references.html#id81" title="C.F. Richter. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1:1 - 32, 1935. URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-143558638, doi:10.1785/BSSA0250010001.">66</a>], Uhrhammer and Collins [<a class="reference internal" href="../references.html#id104" title="R.A. Uhrhammer and E.R. Collins. Synthesis of Wood-Anderson seismograms from broadband digital records. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 80(3):702–716, 1990. doi:10.1785/BSSA0800030702.">73</a>]</span>), <a class="reference internal" href="../filter-grammar.html#WWSSN_SP" title="WWSSN_SP"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WWSSN_SP()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../filter-grammar.html#WWSSN_LP" title="WWSSN_LP"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WWSSN_LP()</span></code></a>.
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The calibration parameters describing a Wood-Anderson seismometer are
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configurable in global bindings or module configuration:
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-2"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.WoodAnderson.gain</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-3"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.WoodAnderson.T0</span></code></a>,
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/global.html#confval-4"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">amplitudes.WoodAnderson.h</span></code></a>. Specifically, the difference in magnitude
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due to configuration using original values listed in
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<span id="id2">Richter [<a class="reference internal" href="../references.html#id81" title="C.F. Richter. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 1:1 - 32, 1935. URL: https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20140804-143558638, doi:10.1785/BSSA0250010001.">66</a>]</span> and updated ones given in <span id="id3">Uhrhammer and Collins [<a class="reference internal" href="../references.html#id104" title="R.A. Uhrhammer and E.R. Collins. Synthesis of Wood-Anderson seismograms from broadband digital records. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 80(3):702–716, 1990. doi:10.1785/BSSA0800030702.">73</a>]</span>
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result in a constant offset of 0.13 in those magnitudes which apply
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Wood-Anderson simulation, e.g. <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-local-ML"><span class="xref std std-term">ML</span></a>,
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<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-local-vertical-MLv"><span class="xref std std-term">MLv</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-local-custom-MLc"><span class="xref std std-term">MLc</span></a>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="physical-units">
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<h3>Physical units<a class="headerlink" href="#physical-units" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>The physical units of measured amplitudes depend on amplitudes type. They are
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documented along with the corresponding magnitude type. Starting with the initial
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gain unit of raw data streams, typically m/s, the amplitude processor in
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<cite>SeisComP</cite> converts to the required unit. Where instrument simulation if optional,
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e.g., for <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-local-custom-MLc"><span class="xref std std-term">MLc amplitudes</span></a>, a conversion
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configurable factor must be considered for non-default amplitude processing.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="amplitude-aliases">
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<span id="concepts-amplitudes-aliases"></span><h3>Amplitude Aliases<a class="headerlink" href="#amplitude-aliases" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>New amplitude types (aliases) can be created based on existing amplitude types
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but configured and measured specifically. They can be measured as any other
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amplitude by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scamp.html#scamp"><span class="std std-ref">scamp</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scautopick.html#scautopick"><span class="std std-ref">scautopick</span></a> and used by other modules, e.g.,
|
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by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a> for <a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-station"><span class="std std-ref">magnitude aliases</span></a>. The
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setup procedure is outlined in the tutorial on
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<a class="reference internal" href="../tutorials/amplitudes-magnitudes.html#tutorials-amplitude-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">amplitude aliases</span></a>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="regionalization">
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<span id="concepts-amplitudes-regionalization"></span><h3>Regionalization<a class="headerlink" href="#regionalization" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Measuring amplitudes only for sources or pairs of sources and stations in
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specific regions is supported by regionalization. The region polygons are
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defined by <a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-regionalization"><span class="std std-ref">magnitude regionalization</span></a>.
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In order to use the feature, regionalized amplitudes and magnitudes must have
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the same type (name) and regionalization must be activated per amplitude type in
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amplitude-type profiles of global bindings.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="station-magnitudes">
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-station"></span><h2>Station Magnitudes<a class="headerlink" href="#station-magnitudes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Station magnitudes are computed automatically by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a> or interactively
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by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a> from measured amplitudes based on distance-dependent
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calibration curves which depend on magnitude type. Since distance measures are
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required, station magnitudes are always related to one <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-origin"><span class="xref std std-term">origin</span></a>. For
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computing new magnitudes in scolv, a new origin must be created which is done by
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relocating.</p>
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<p>When computing a set of station magnitudes in <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a> which is different from
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the set configured in <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a>, then scmag may later add the missing
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magnitudes automatically. Magnitude types for which the evaluation status is
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set to “rejected”, e.g., in <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a>, will not be recomputed by scmag. In
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order to ignore a magnitude type interactively, it should therefore be treated
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and rejected in scolv.</p>
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<section id="station-corrections">
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-correction"></span><h3>Station corrections<a class="headerlink" href="#station-corrections" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
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<p>Linear station corrections applied to station magnitudes can be configured by
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global <a class="reference internal" href="configuration.html#global-bindings-config"><span class="std std-ref">binding parameters</span></a>:</p>
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<ol class="arabic simple">
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<li><p>Add a magnitude type profile where the name of the profile is the name of the
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magnitude itself,</p></li>
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<li><p>Configure the correction parameters.</p></li>
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</ol>
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<p>When using binding profiles, all referencing stations will be affected equally
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which is typically not intended. In contrast, applying station bindings requires
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to set up many bindings which may not be intended either.concepts-magnitudes-regionalization</p>
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<p>Therefore, you may add lines to the global module configuration in
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<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global.cfg</span></code> where one line corresponds to one station with one magnitude
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and the corresponding correction parameter. The groups and the name of the
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parameters are identical to the global bindings parameters. All lines start with
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“<em>module.trunk</em>”. Example for an offset correction of
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<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-local-vertical-MLv"><span class="xref std std-term">MLv</span></a> measured station GE.UGM:</p>
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<div class="highlight-properties notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">module.trunk.GE.UGM.magnitudes.MLv.offset</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">0.1</span>
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>The configuration of parameters starting with <em>module.trunk.</em> is not
|
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supported by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scconfig.html#scconfig"><span class="std std-ref">scconfig</span></a>. All corresponding configurations must be done
|
||
by direclty editing the configuration file, e.g.,
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seiscomp/etc/global.cfg</span></code>.</p>
|
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</div>
|
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</section>
|
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<section id="magnitude-aliases">
|
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-aliases"></span><h3>Magnitude Aliases<a class="headerlink" href="#magnitude-aliases" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>New magnitude types (aliases) can be created inheriting the configuration
|
||
parameters but not the configured values from existing magnitude and amplitude types or
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-amplitudes-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">amplitude aliases</span></a>. The values are configured
|
||
specifically. Unless specified explicitly, the amplitude type
|
||
is the base amplitude of the original magnitude. Other
|
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amplitude types or amplitude aliases must be defined first and given explicitly.
|
||
The aliased magnitudes can be computed by other modules such as <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a> or
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a>. The setup procedure is outlined in the tutorial on
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../tutorials/amplitudes-magnitudes.html#tutorials-magnitude-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">magnitude aliases</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="concepts-magnitudes-regionalization">
|
||
<span id="id4"></span><h3>Regionalization<a class="headerlink" href="#concepts-magnitudes-regionalization" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
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<p>The computation of station magnitudes can be regionalized. This means that for
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a specific region specific conditions apply when computing magnitudes. The
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conditions include any parameter available for configuring a magnitude
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including global binding parameters such as magnitude calibration, distance
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and depth ranges, etc. As an example you may wish to apply different
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attenuation curves for computing MLv magnitudes to earthquakes in Eastern and
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in Western Canada.</p>
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<p>Regionalization is achieved by adding magnitude-type profiles in the magnitudes
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section of global module configuration parameters. Regionalization assumes
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defaults from global bindings but overrides the values when configured. The
|
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setup procedure including
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<a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-correction"><span class="std std-ref">station corrections</span></a> is outlined in the
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../tutorials/amplitudes-magnitudes.html#tutorials-magnitude-region-aliases"><span class="std std-ref">tutorial on regionalization</span></a>.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section id="network-magnitudes">
|
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<span id="concepts-magnitudes-network"></span><h2>Network Magnitudes<a class="headerlink" href="#network-magnitudes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>Network magnitudes are computed automatically by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a> or interactively
|
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by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv"><span class="std std-ref">scolv</span></a> from station magnitudes based on averaging station magnitudes.
|
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The averaging methods applied by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a> are configurable by
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#confval-magnitudes.average"><code class="xref std std-confval docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">magnitudes.average</span></code></a>. Available are (<span id="id5">Rosenberger and Gasko [<a class="reference internal" href="../references.html#id91" title="J.L. Rosenberger and M. Gasko. Comparing location estimators: trimmed means, medians, and trimean. In D.C. Hoaglin, F. Mosteller, and J.W. Tukey, editors, Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis, pages 297-336. Wiley, New York, NY, 1983.">68</a>]</span>):</p>
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<ul class="simple">
|
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<li><p><em>mean</em>: The mean value from all station magnitudes.</p></li>
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<li><p><em>median</em>: The mean value from all station magnitudes.</p></li>
|
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<li><p><em>trimmedMean(X)</em>: Ignores outlier station magnitudes by first removing the
|
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largest and the smallest <em>X</em> % of the observed values (percentiles). The mean is
|
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formed from the remaining station magnitudes.</p></li>
|
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<li><p><em>trimmedMedian(X)</em>: Forms the median from all station magnitudes but returns
|
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the uncertainty by ignoring the largest and the smallest <em>X</em> % station
|
||
magnitudes.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><em>medianTrimmedMean(X)</em>: Returns the mean magnitude from all station magnitudes
|
||
differing less than <em>X</em> magnitudes from the median.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="moment-magnitudes">
|
||
<span id="concepts-magnitudes-moment"></span><h2>Moment Magnitudes<a class="headerlink" href="#moment-magnitudes" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Moment magnitudes can be derived from all other network magnitudes by mapping of
|
||
the original network magnitude, e.g., <em>Mx</em>, to a new moment magnitude <em>Mw(Mx)</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>The mapping function can be configured for all original magnitude types except
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-derived-mB-Mw-mB"><span class="xref std std-term">mB</span></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-magnitude-derived-Mwp-Mw-Mwp"><span class="xref std std-term">Mwp</span></a> where the mapping is hardcoded.
|
||
Read the <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorials/amplitudes-magnitudes.html#tutorials-mags-moment"><span class="std std-ref">tutorial on moment magnitudes</span></a> for the
|
||
configuration.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="summary-magnitude">
|
||
<span id="concepts-magnitudes-summary"></span><h2>Summary Magnitude<a class="headerlink" href="#summary-magnitude" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>In order to account for different phenomena related to magnitude computation
|
||
including magnitude saturation and application of different magnitude types at
|
||
specific distance and depth ranges of the sources a summary magnitude can be
|
||
computed from network magnitudes by <a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scmag.html#scmag"><span class="std std-ref">scmag</span></a>. The summary magnitude is
|
||
usually referred to as <em>M</em>. The name is configurable.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>Station, network and summary magnitudes are contained uniquely in one
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-origin"><span class="xref std std-term">origin</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="preferred-magnitude">
|
||
<span id="concepts-magnitudes-preferred"></span><h2>Preferred Magnitude<a class="headerlink" href="#preferred-magnitude" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>From the list of computed network magnitudes and the summary magnitude,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scevent.html#scevent"><span class="std std-ref">scevent</span></a> can automatically determine the preferred magnitude of the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-event"><span class="xref std std-term">event</span></a>. This may also be done interactively by operators in the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#scolv-sec-event-tab"><span class="std std-ref">Event tab of scolv</span></a> or by
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../../apps/scolv.html#sec-scolv-custom-commit"><span class="std std-ref">custom commit buttons in scolv</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
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<div>
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<h3><a href="../../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Amplitudes and Magnitudes</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#amplitudes">Amplitudes</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-data">Input data</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wood-anderson-simulation">Wood-Anderson simulation</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#physical-units">Physical units</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#amplitude-aliases">Amplitude Aliases</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#regionalization">Regionalization</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#station-magnitudes">Station Magnitudes</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#station-corrections">Station corrections</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#magnitude-aliases">Magnitude Aliases</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-magnitudes-regionalization">Regionalization</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#network-magnitudes">Network Magnitudes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#moment-magnitudes">Moment Magnitudes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#summary-magnitude">Summary Magnitude</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#preferred-magnitude">Preferred Magnitude</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
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</li>
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